Overview

Teaching: 40 min
Exercises: 50 min

Questions

• How can I visualize data in Python?

• What is ‘grammar of graphics’?

Objectives

• Describe the features of pandas built-in plotting abilities vs. using external packages.

• Create simple scatterplots and histograms with pandas.

• Use plotnine to customize the aesthetics of an existing plot.

• Build complex and customized plots from data in a data frame.

• Export plots from Jupyter to standard graphical file formats.

Disclaimer

Python has powerful built-in plotting capabilities such as matplotlib, but for this episode, we will be using the plotnine package, which facilitates the creation of highly-informative plots of structured data based on the R implementation of ggplot2 and The Grammar of Graphics by Leland Wilkinson. The plotnine package is built on top of Matplotlib and interacts well with Pandas.

Just as with the other packages, plotnine need to be imported. It is good practice to not just load an entire package such as from plotnine import *, but to use an abbreviation as we used pd for Pandas:

%matplotlib inline
import plotnine as p9

From now on, the functions of plotnine are available using p9.. For the exercise, we will use the surveys.csv data set, with the NA values removed

import pandas as pd

surveys_complete = pd.read_csv('data/surveys.csv')
surveys_complete = surveys_complete.dropna()

Plotting with plotnine

The plotnine package (cfr. other packages conform The Grammar of Graphics) supports the creation of complex plots from data in a dataframe. It uses default settings, which help creating publication quality plots with a minimal amount of settings and tweaking.

plotnine graphics are built step by step by adding new elementsadding different elements on top of each other using the + operator. Putting the individual steps together in brackets () provides Python-compatible syntax.

To build a plotnine graphic we need to:

• Bind the plot to a specific data frame using the data argument:

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete))

As we have not defined anything else, just an empty figure is available and presented.

• Define aesthetics (aes), by selecting variables used in the plot and mapping them to a presentation such as plotting size, shape color, etc. You can interpret this as: *which** of the variables will influence the plotted objects/geometries:

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='weight', y='hindfoot_length')))

The most important aes mappings are: x, y, alpha, color, colour, fill, linetype, shape, size and stroke.

• Still no specific data is plotted, as we have to define what kind of geometry will be used for the plot. The most straightforward is probably using points. Points is one of the geoms options, the graphical representation of the data in the plot. Others are lines, bars,… To add a geom to the plot use + operator:

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='weight', y='hindfoot_length'))
    + p9.geom_point()
)

The + in the plotnine package is particularly useful because it allows you to modify existing plotnine objects. This means you can easily set up plot templates and conveniently explore different types of plots, so the above plot can also be generated with code like this:

# Create
surveys_plot = p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
                         mapping=p9.aes(x='weight', y='hindfoot_length'))

# Draw the plot
surveys_plot + p9.geom_point()

Challenge - bar chart

Working on the surveys_complete data set, use the plot-id column to create a bar-plot that counts the number of records for each plot. (Check the documentation of the bar geometry to handle the counts)

Answers

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='plot_id'))
    + p9.geom_bar()
)

Notes:

• Anything you put in the ggplot() function can be seen by any geom layers that you add (i.e., these are universal plot settings). This includes the x and y axis you set up in aes().
• You can also specify aesthetics for a given geom independently of the aesthetics defined globally in the ggplot() function.

Building your plots iteratively

Building plots with plotnine is typically an iterative process. We start by defining the dataset we’ll use, lay the axes, and choose a geom. Hence, the data, aes and geom-* are the elementary elements of any graph:

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='weight', y='hindfoot_length'))
    + p9.geom_point()
)

Then, we start modifying this plot to extract more information from it. For instance, we can add transparency (alpha) to avoid overplotting:

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='weight', y='hindfoot_length'))
    + p9.geom_point(alpha=0.1)
)

We can also add colors for all the points

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='weight', y='hindfoot_length'))
    + p9.geom_point(alpha=0.1, color='blue')
)

Or to color each species in the plot differently, map the species_id column to the color aesthetic:

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='weight',
                          y='hindfoot_length',
                          color='species_id'))
    + p9.geom_point(alpha=0.1)
)

Apart from the adaptations of the arguments and settings of the data, aes and geom-* elements, additional elements can be added as well, using the + operator:

• Changing the labels:

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='weight', y='hindfoot_length', color='species_id'))
    + p9.geom_point(alpha=0.1)
    + p9.xlab("Weight (g)")
)

• Defining scale for colors, axes,… For example, a log-version of the x-axis could support the interpretation of the lower numbers:

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='weight', y='hindfoot_length', color='species_id'))
    + p9.geom_point(alpha=0.1)
    + p9.xlab("Weight (g)")
    + p9.scale_x_log10()
)

• Changing the theme (theme_*) or some specific theming (theme) elements. Usually plots with white background look more readable when printed. We can set the background to white using the function theme_bw().

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='weight', y='hindfoot_length', color='species_id'))
    + p9.geom_point(alpha=0.1)
    + p9.xlab("Weight (g)")
    + p9.scale_x_log10()
    + p9.theme_bw()
    + p9.theme(text=p9.element_text(size=16))
)

Challenge - Bar plot adaptations

Adapt the bar plot of the previous exercise by mapping the sex variable to the color fill of the bar chart. Change the scale of the color fill by providing the colors blue and orange manually (see API reference to find the appropriate function).

Answers

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='plot_id',
                          fill='sex'))
    + p9.geom_bar()
    + p9.scale_fill_manual(["blue", "orange"])
)

Plotting distributions

Visualizing distributions is a common task during data exploration and analysis. To visualize the distribution of weight within each species_id group, a boxplot can be used:

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='species_id',
                          y='weight'))
    + p9.geom_boxplot()
)

By adding points of he individual observations to the boxplot, we can have a better idea of the number of measurements and of their distribution:

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='species_id',
                          y='weight'))
    + p9.geom_jitter(alpha=0.2)
    + p9.geom_boxplot(alpha=0.)
)

Challenge - distributions

Boxplots are useful summaries, but hide the shape of the distribution. For example, if there is a bimodal distribution, this would not be observed with a boxplot. An alternative to the boxplot is the violin plot (sometimes known as a beanplot), where the shape (of the density of points) is drawn.

In many types of data, it is important to consider the scale of the observations. For example, it may be worth changing the scale of the axis to better distribute the observations in the space of the plot.

• Replace the box plot with a violin plot, see geom_violin()
• Represent weight on the log10 scale, see scale_y_log10()
• Add color to the datapoints on your boxplot according to the plot from which the sample was taken (plot_id)

Hint: Check the class for plot_id. By using factor() within the aes mapping of a variable, plotnine will handle the values as category values.

Answers

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='species_id',
                          y='weight',
                          color='factor(plot_id)'))
    + p9.geom_jitter(alpha=0.3)
    + p9.geom_violin(alpha=0, color="0.7")
    + p9.scale_y_log10()
)

Plotting time series data

Let’s calculate number of counts per year for each species. To do that we need to group data first and count the species (species_id) within each group.

yearly_counts = surveys_complete.groupby(['year', 'species_id'])['species_id'].count()
yearly_counts

When checking the result of the previous calculation, we actually have both the year and the species_id as a row index. We can reset this index to use both as column variable:

yearly_counts = yearly_counts.reset_index(name='counts')
yearly_counts

Timelapse data can be visualised as a line plot (geom_line) with years on x axis and counts on the y axis.

(p9.ggplot(data=yearly_counts,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='year',
                          y='counts'))
    + p9.geom_line()
)

Unfortunately this does not work, because we plot data for all the species together. We need to tell plotnine to draw a line for each species by modifying the aesthetic function and map the species_id to the color:

(p9.ggplot(data=yearly_counts,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='year',
                          y='counts',
                          color='species_id'))
    + p9.geom_line()
)

Faceting

As any other library supporting the Grammar of Graphics, plotnine has a special technique called faceting that allows to split one plot into multiple plots based on a factor variable included in the dataset.

Consider our scatter plot of the weight versus the hindfoot_length from the previous sections:

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='weight',
                          y='hindfoot_length',
                          color='species_id'))
    + p9.geom_point(alpha=0.1)
)

We can now keep the same code and at the facet_wrap on a chosen variable to split out the graph and make a separate graph for each of the groups in that variable. As an example, use sex:

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='weight',
                          y='hindfoot_length',
                          color='species_id'))
    + p9.geom_point(alpha=0.1)
    + p9.facet_wrap("sex")
)

We can apply the same concept on any of the available categorical variables:

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='weight',
                          y='hindfoot_length',
                          color='species_id'))
    + p9.geom_point(alpha=0.1)
    + p9.facet_wrap("plot_id")
)

The facet_wrap geometry extracts plots into an arbitrary number of dimensions to allow them to cleanly fit on one page. On the other hand, the facet_grid geometry allows you to explicitly specify how you want your plots to be arranged via formula notation (rows ~ columns; a . can be used as a placeholder that indicates only one row or column).

# only selecte the years of interest
survey_2000 = surveys_complete[surveys_complete["year"].isin([2000, 2001])]

(p9.ggplot(data=survey_2000,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='weight',
                          y='hindfoot_length',
                          color='species_id'))
    + p9.geom_point(alpha=0.1)
    + p9.facet_grid("year ~ sex")
)

Challenge - facetting

Create a separate plot for each of the species that depicts how the average weight of the species changes through the years.

Answers

yearly_weight = surveys_complete.groupby([‘year’, ‘species_id’])[‘weight’].mean().reset_index()

(p9.ggplot(data=yearly_weight,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='year',
                          y='weight'))
    + p9.geom_line()
    + p9.facet_wrap("species_id")
)

Challenge - facetting

Based on the previous exercise, visually compare how the weights of male and females has changed through time by creating a separate plot for each sex and an individual color assigned to each species_id.

Answers

yearly_weight = surveys_complete.groupby([‘year’, ‘species_id’, ‘sex’])[‘weight’].mean().reset_index()

(p9.ggplot(data=yearly_weight, mapping=p9.aes(x=’year’, y=’weight’, color=’species_id’)) + p9.geom_line() + p9.facet_wrap(“sex”) )

Further customization

As the syntax of plotnine follows the original R package ggplot2, the documentation of ggplot2 can provide information and inspiration to customize graphs. Take a look at the ggplot2 cheat sheet, and think of ways to improve the plot. You can write down some of your ideas as comments in the Etherpad.

The theming options provide a rich set of visual adaptations. Consider the following example of a bar plot with the counts per year.

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='factor(year)'))
    + p9.geom_bar()
)

Notice that we use the year here as a categorical variable by using the factor functionality. However, by doing so, we have the individual year labels overlapping with eachother. The theme functionality provides a way to rotate the text of the x-axis labels:

(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='factor(year)'))
    + p9.geom_bar()
    + p9.theme_bw()
    + p9.theme(axis_text_x = p9.element_text(angle=90))
)

When you like a specific set of theme-customizations you created, you can save them as an object to easily apply them to other plots you may create:

my_custom_theme = p9.theme(axis_text_x = p9.element_text(color="grey", size=10,
                                                         angle=90, hjust=.5),
                           axis_text_y = p9.element_text(color="grey", size=10))
(p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='factor(year)'))
    + p9.geom_bar()
    + my_custom_theme
)

Challenge - customization

Please take another five minutes to either improve one of the plots generated in this exercise or create a beautiful graph of your own.

Here are some ideas:

• See if you can change thickness of lines for the line plot .
• Can you find a way to change the name of the legend? What about its labels?
• Use a different color palette (see http://www.cookbook-r.com/Graphs/Colors_(ggplot2)/)

After creating your plot, you can save it to a file in your favourite format. You can easily change the dimension (and its resolution) of your plot by adjusting the appropriate arguments (width, height and dpi):

my_plot = (p9.ggplot(data=surveys_complete,
           mapping=p9.aes(x='weight', y='hindfoot_length'))
    + p9.geom_point()
)
my_plot.save("scatterplot.png", width=10, height=10, dpi=300)

Key Points

• The data, aes variables and a geometry are the main elements of a plotnine graph